Preferred language style Essay

Your inquiries should concentrate on how the advocate creates with customers. For instance you may pose inquiries, for example, If a customer asked you how you work or about your direction to helping, what might you say? Or then again basically' How would you construct associations with customers, and what proposals do you have for another guide in preparing? Or on the other hand ' How would you manage individuals who don’t need directing or aren’t open to the procedure. What's more, are commanded to be there by state. It would be ideal if you read the page from the content about structure connections it will help gave thoughts Much obliged Lethax In my meeting, I would meet a clinician who might be performing psychotherapy or ‘talk therapy’ for his patients or customers. The principle motivation behind the meeting is to get a thought of the administrations the analysts would give and the way in which they would deal with the patients. These are the arrangement of inquiries to be posed: †What are your expert capabilities and do you have an expert permit to rehearse psychotherapy? How long have you been rehearsing? What is your territory of specialization and intrigue? In your training, do you guarantee that you adhere to an expert code of morals? What is the idea of your customers? What are the issues they accompanied? Do you give treatment on the guidance of another expert? Do you need to keep up secrecy of data of your customers? Do you share this data with any other person? On the off chance that you need to make sure about this information on a framework, how would you do it? Do you keep up associations with the customer or the family/guardians? Do you read books or other writing so as to acquire data in regards to better advancement of associations with the customers? While talking with the customers do you make suppositions or decisions? How would you gain the trust of your customers? What are the methods by which you would have the option to build up a compatibility with the patients (formal and casual cooperations)? What are a portion of the difficulties that you face while building up a relationship and how would you adapt to them? How would you persuade your customers (fiscal or non-money related methods)? How would you go to a treatment plan for a specific patient? Do you follow any rules that you would utilize while rewarding patients? Do you distribute the data with the goal that patients visiting you can know before hand? What are your preferences with respect to the calling? Do you experience comparable patients or patients having various kinds of issues? References: Kaye, K. (1998), Interviewing a Psychologist, Retrieved on October 17, 2007, from

Changes to Irish Historiography and Historical Debate

Changes to Irish Historiography and Historical Debate Talk about the development of Irish historiography and authentic discussion since the 1960s with explicit reference to at any rate two of the accompanying zones: women’s history, social history, work history, financial history, neighborhood history, the historical backdrop of the diaspora. There has been beyond question a development in Irish historiography and chronicled banter since the 1960’s. The accompanying will talk about and inspect the purposes behind the development of Irish historiography and recorded discussion. Irish historiography had would in general spotlight on the connection among England (and later Britain) and Ireland with its ramifications for both countries’ improvements and history. Irish historiography likewise featured key occasions that demonstrated significant in forming the Irish country. Such occasions incorporate the English attacks from the twelfth century, the reorganization, the ranches of Ulster, the results of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. Further pivotal turning points were additionally the advancement of Irish Republicanism that was appeared by the 1798 disobedience and the development of the Fenian Brotherhood during the nineteenth century. The potato starvation of the 1840’s would demonstr ate lamentable to the Irish populace while urging movement to Britain, the United States and Australia. Such migration will as analyzed lead to the improvement of the diaspora. The manner by which Ireland was parceled to represent the two forms of Irish patriotism has become the focal topic of verifiable discussion. The Civil Rights Movement inside the Roman Catholic people group of Northern Ireland which incidentally prompted the difficulties will be assessed with respect to whether that is the prime spark of changes in Irish historiography and authentic discussion. Preceding the English contribution Ireland was an autonomous whenever isolated nation. One authentic discussion is whether the English were fortunate or unfortunate for Ireland. It had been impacted by for the most part Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and Viking settlements.[1] Irish culture was Gaelic and Christian in character. The English that came to Ireland were relatives of the Normans that mercilessly vanquished England a century prior. Rather than William the Conqueror these Anglo-Norman trespassers didn't mean to remain and were welcome to cross the Irish Sea to participate with a contention between Gaelic chieftains. For the Irish the contribution the Anglo-Norman in their undertakings was an amazing change in their fate. From Henry II English Kings came to view solidness in Ireland as in significant piece of their security. The mishap of topography was to prompt the entomb connection between the English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish that has carried the two advantages and calamities to a ll concerned. There are individuals who accept that the English or British carried advantages to the Irish will in general pressure the great results of their association as opposed to the terrible. The individuals who have an enemy of English viewpoint stress the hurtful outcomes, [2] Henry II himself was not in a rush to attack Ireland; his assets in France and England took need. Anyway once the English showed up in 1172 they would not be evacuated by the Irish for a considerable length of time, and, after its all said and done not from the entire of Ireland.[3] English control of Ireland was never finished and revolved around Dublin. The measure of control vacillated relying upon the force and enthusiasm of the King. Solid Kings, for example, Edward IV and Henry VII endeavored to expand their capacity in Ireland. It was to be Henry VIII that would modify the state of Irish history as much as he changed that of England. Henry VIII was a man of incredible aspiration, in 1541 he broadcasted himself King of Ireland, consequently demonstrating the aim of dealing with Ireland.[4] The Tudors made their control of Ireland compelling if not complete yet at the expense of planting future clash over religion, legislative issues and the status of Ireland. Henry VIII had just endeavored to pick up the dedication of the Irish respectability and deal with the Irish church. After the break from Rome, Henry was resolved to acquaint the Church of England with his Irish subjects just as his English subjects. The Reformation would additionally convolute the connection between the Irish and English. The Reformation was delayed to flourish in Ireland; the Roman Catholic Church kept up its quality in most of the island, particularly in rustic regions. While the Irish parliament loyally followed the strict enactment thrill ride found in England the Irish didn't stick to this same pattern. Incidentally it was the Roman Catholic, Mary I that surfaced with the procedure that would change Irish society and economy as significantly as it influenced its governmental issues and relig ion, the plantations.[5] The Irish didn't acknowledge those progressions without standing up to. The most genuine danger to the Tudor hang on Ireland accompanied the Earl of Tyrone’s resistance of the 1590’s that was not at long last put down until 1604.[6] Despite that disobedience James VI of Scotland acquired Ireland under the crown’s control when he picked up the English throne.[7] James I incredibly extended the manors specifically to the Irish area of Ulster. The protestant pilgrims picked up land off of the Irish populace of Ulster as an end-result of their reliability to Britain. The pioneers would be given social and financial points of interest by the legislature that endured into the twentieth century and was profoundly despised by the Roman Catholic people group. That disdain added to the defiance of 1641 that assaulted the estates. Irish patriots and republicans view the manors as a prime case of British colonialism while Unionists see them as the establishment of their comm unities.[8] The insubordination in Ireland started off the English Civil War, there was essentially Civil Wars in England, Scotland and Ireland that would bring about much slaughter and the expulsion of Charles I. The circumstance in Ireland was entangled; there were those that upheld the English parliament and those that wished to utilize the Civil Wars as a chance to pick up autonomy. All Irish resistance to the English parliament was heartlessly smothered by Oliver Cromwell and brought about the slaughter of Drogheda. Oliver Cromwell remains related with wicked restraint and the utilization of dread right up 'til the present time, the Catch 22 of an English republican with Imperial policies.[9] The Irish Catholic people group would stay faithful to James II who lost his Irish realm after his English and Scottish ones. The triumph of William of Orange just strengthened the British inclination for the Ulster Protestants. The Protestants jumped at the chance to demonstrate their dep endability to Britain through their Orange requests and disciple boys’ walks, a wellspring of partisan rubbing for over three centuries. While the Unionists see these as images of their British nationality, the Catholic people group consider them to be images of their proceeded with rule from Britain. [10] The results of these occasions were two opponent faculties of patriotism created in Ireland. There were a significant number of the Irish populace that remained overwhelmingly poor, rustic and Roman Catholic wanting for freedom from Britain or if nothing else self-sufficiency. The other type of patriotism was that fixated on the Ulster Protestants that considered themselves to be British and didn't need freedom and would possibly acknowledge more independence if their exceptional status were kept up. A portion of these Protestants were additionally poor however viewed themselves as superior to their Catholic friends. There was an upsurge in Irish patriotism following in the wake of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution that finished in the insubordination of 1798. The French had given a valiant effort to raise a ruckus in Ireland yet demonstrated unequipped for supporting the resistance. The disappointment of that disobedience prompted renegades, for example, Wol fe Tone joining the Diaspora and the association of Ireland with Great Britain. The number of inhabitants in Ireland developed quickly particularly with the presentation of the potato. The economy began to grow particularly in Belfast and different pieces of Ulster that delivered cloth and boats. Dublin and Belfast likewise developed to quick urbanisation.[11] Potato scourge carried starvation to Ireland definitely decreased the populace through starvation and movement while demonstrating the British government as maladroit during the crisis.[12] There have absolutely been numerous discussions around the Potato Famine, which focused on those that didn't wish to turn out to be excessively associated with depicting the results and the revisionists that its outcomes couldn't be overemphasized. Maybe one of the most significant revisionist works was Cecil Woodham-Smith’s ‘The Great Hunger’ written in 1962 and attempted to look at if the starvation could have been deflected or if nothing else lightened. The primary discussion concerns who was to be faulted for the starvation, the British government all alone or others either independently or in different combinations.[13] The Potato Famine of 1845-47 would prompt requests for Home Rule and Land Reform while it likewise persuaded Irish Catholics that the British government co uldn't have cared less about them. There had been before starvations, for example that of 1739-41, yet none became as famous as the one of 1845-47.[14] On balance most students of history currently appear to edge their wagers when allocating fault for the starvation. Anyway at the time numerous in Ireland reprimanded the British government for not acting rapidly enough. Observations can frequently be more impressive than actuality, the picture of British lack of concern has been undeniably more suffering than the endless number of British people that endeavored to help the Irish.[15] The resettlement from Ireland that followed was wonderful, between the beginning of the potato starvation and segment 4,000,000 Irish left for the United States, Australia and Britain. The Irish â€American people group can attest extraordinary political impact in the United States which is the reason Irish Republican

Benefits and Risks of Apps Like Happy Couple

Benefits and Risks of Apps Like 'Happy Couple' January 23, 2020 Milton Brown/Creative RF/Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse It seems there are apps for just about anything, but could a couples app, such as Happy Couple, really improve your relationship? In other words, once you find that special someone (these days, often through a dating app), are there apps that can help keep that relationship going for the long run? Each relationship app is different and every couple is different, so theres not a simple answer. Before signing up, its a good idea to take a moment to think about any potential downfalls or risks as well as the potential benefits. Potential Benefits First, ask yourself why you are considering a couples app, and what your motivation is. Could an app offer the chance to improve communication and enhance emotional intimacy, or is it simply another screen time activity that will further limit the face-to-face time so many of us are lacking??? There are a number of ways that a couples app could improve your relationship. Apps with questions that youve been putting off or avoiding could be a stimulus to have an in-depth conversation about some of those issues. While technology can create distance between a couple, it can also help create closeness. Keeping in touch with your partner via fun or flirty texts throughout the day is a great way to express your love and that you are thinking about him or her. Alternatively, never having any deep, meaningful face-to-face conversations  is  not likely to sustain the intimacy needed for a long-term relationship to survive.?? Some apps help people examine the day to day challenges couples face and the difficulty in maintaining balance. An app may help you both look at your individual responsibilities in the relationship in a concrete and clear way, and even help you see if you are heading in the direction you hope by looking at short-term and long-term goals. A particularly positive benefit of following prompts and addressing questions on these apps is that they may help you break through some of your assumptions about the other person. We all make assumptions about what our partners enjoy and value, but sometimes we are wrong. And being wrong can lead to any number of misunderstandings. Yet, many couples make choices each day based on these assumptions.?? Another one of the potential benefits of an app is the potential of deepening your relationships honesty, communication, and connectionâ€"and working through any unspoken issues you may be harboring.?? What if you are honest, for example, and let your partner know that you think he is poor at apologizing? If you are prepared to work through the issue together, it could bring the two of you much closer. Downfalls and/or Risks Deciding if a couples app has potential benefits for you is important as you consider adding more screen time to your day. A nationwide survey conducted by Common Sense Media in 2017 found that adults (parents) spend an average of 9 hours and 22 minutes in front of a screen each day. (Screens referring to smartphones, tablets, computers, or televisions). This time is not due to the need to use screens at work, as 8 hours of the screen time was deemed personal and not work-related.?? A related issue is that using a couples app might add yet another item to your to-do list. If you view the app as something you have to do rather than want to do, especially if its something only one of you wish to do, it could lead to greater feelings of distance or resentment. Those who are dealing with a partner who doesnt want to change arent likely to find that an app solves the problem. The motivation behind purchasing a couples app can be key as to whether the app could help or hurt. If your motivation in purchasing a couples app is to point out your partners faults, its not likely to be of benefit and could actually be harmful. If you are hoping that the app will somehow open your partners eyes to something he or she is doing wrong, finding a good relationship counselor might be a better option. These apps are also not all-inclusive, and may not delve into the issues that are most important to address in your relationship. In this sense, and if you have any serious issues, it could be like applying a bandage over a wound that continues to bleed. On the surface, it might look better, but underneath things could actually be worsening. If you do choose to buy a couples app, take a moment to think about the power of your words. Words can cause tremendous emotional pain and can be much sharper when typed on a screen than when said in person. Overall, taking a moment to think of your intent before getting a couples app is an excellent way to weigh the benefits and downfalls. If you are hoping that it will be fun, and enrich your relationship, it very well may. If you are instead considering it as a way to repair serious relationship problems, think twice. Benefits Prompts discussing topics you may have been avoiding Provides structure for communication Breaks through assumptions Drawbacks Is one more bout of screen time Expectation that the app will lead to your partner changing is likely misplaced Doesnt replace relationship counseling for serious issues Couples Apps There are a number of different apps that are designed to improve relationships. Some, such as Pathshare, help you keep track of each others day when you are apart. Others, such as Honeydue, can help you manage financial issues. Yet others focus on specific relationship concerns ranging from sex  to fertility, to how to fix a fight. These are some that are designed to enhance your overall relationship. Happy Couple App The Happy Couple app is available for download on both Apple and Android devices and uses quiz-style games to learn more about what your partner really thinks.  Each day you open the app on your own phone and your partner does the same. There are six topics from which your questions are generated. The topics are, “sex,” “responsibilities,” “communication,” “recreation,” “emotional” and “information.” After setting up an account with your information, you generate a link to send to your partner so that he or she does the same. After you are both set up, you answer several questions  about  yourself and your partner on a daily basis. Later, visit your feed and find out if your answers matched or not. You get points for correct matching answers that unlock new levels.   Discovering answer matches and mismatches is the best part. Each partner only gets half the answers which make you sit together to review the rest.  You are bound to encounter some things you didn’t know about your significant other. Even marriage therapists may be surprised! Just having the app, however, is not enough. One of the most important parts that you both must do is sit down and review your answers. This helps create the deep and meaningful conversations necessary to build connection and closeness in your relationship.?? The content of the questions is written by Dr. Lonnie Barbach, a renowned California-based psychologist, and author of several best-sellers on sex and relationships.  Dr. Barbach discusses her collaboration in developing this app. “Id love to see it help couples have better relationships,” says Dr. Barbach. “Like my books, my goal is a way to help a larger audience who cannot afford therapy.” She believes the app has also been useful for dating couples “to learn more about each other and to better determine if they are a good match” and long-married couples to “inspire new conversations.” She notices that the app encourages conversation when couples are too shy to bring up important topics such as sexual interests. Dr. Barbach emphasizes her goal is “to help couples have the kind of conversations that keep their relationship alive and interesting.”   Questions and tips were generated from scouring the internet on the topic of relationships. Dr. Barbach worked backward to develop questions out of the content. The app addresses couples at different relationship stages and has been surprisingly beneficial to the long-distance relationship. Gottman Card Decks An app called Gottman Card Decks is another that has the potential to improve your relationship. Put out by the Gottman Institute, the card decks make use of research-based approaches to relationships and are modeled after card decks used for weekend workshops for couples.?? With 14 decks and over 1000 cards, the Gottman Card Decks use open-ended questions to get you and your partner talking about a multitude of topics that you may have overlooked. But thats not all. The cards are unique in helping people to name the emotions and the degree of emotions they are feeling. They are also designed to help people better express their own needs in the relationship as well as to express empathy towards the other partner. Altogether, there are many ways the cards can help couples reconnect in our currently overwhelming world. Couple The Couple app, formerly known as Pair, is another couples app that is somewhat like Facebook messenger but designed for only two people. Unlike some apps that are designed to help both members of a couple keep track of day to day activities, however, the Couple app focuses on helping people express love towards each other. The app, which is available on both Android and Apple devices, is set in a timeline format. Features range from sharing photos to Facetime to using the thought bubble to let your partner know what you are thinking about him or her. A Word From Verywell Downloading a couples app has the potential to enrich your relationship, improve communication, and enhance intimacy, but it is not for everyone. Before downloading one of these apps, take an honest look at your motivation. If you are wishing to correct your partner, seeing a counselor or therapist face to face might be a much better option. That said, since so many apps currently focus on finding the right person, or specific issues such as birth control or infertility, its exciting to see apps that focus on maintaining those relationships over the long run.

Benefits and Risks of Apps Like Happy Couple

Benefits and Risks of Apps Like 'Happy Couple' January 23, 2020 Milton Brown/Creative RF/Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse It seems there are apps for just about anything, but could a couples app, such as Happy Couple, really improve your relationship? In other words, once you find that special someone (these days, often through a dating app), are there apps that can help keep that relationship going for the long run? Each relationship app is different and every couple is different, so theres not a simple answer. Before signing up, its a good idea to take a moment to think about any potential downfalls or risks as well as the potential benefits. Potential Benefits First, ask yourself why you are considering a couples app, and what your motivation is. Could an app offer the chance to improve communication and enhance emotional intimacy, or is it simply another screen time activity that will further limit the face-to-face time so many of us are lacking??? There are a number of ways that a couples app could improve your relationship. Apps with questions that youve been putting off or avoiding could be a stimulus to have an in-depth conversation about some of those issues. While technology can create distance between a couple, it can also help create closeness. Keeping in touch with your partner via fun or flirty texts throughout the day is a great way to express your love and that you are thinking about him or her. Alternatively, never having any deep, meaningful face-to-face conversations  is  not likely to sustain the intimacy needed for a long-term relationship to survive.?? Some apps help people examine the day to day challenges couples face and the difficulty in maintaining balance. An app may help you both look at your individual responsibilities in the relationship in a concrete and clear way, and even help you see if you are heading in the direction you hope by looking at short-term and long-term goals. A particularly positive benefit of following prompts and addressing questions on these apps is that they may help you break through some of your assumptions about the other person. We all make assumptions about what our partners enjoy and value, but sometimes we are wrong. And being wrong can lead to any number of misunderstandings. Yet, many couples make choices each day based on these assumptions.?? Another one of the potential benefits of an app is the potential of deepening your relationships honesty, communication, and connectionâ€"and working through any unspoken issues you may be harboring.?? What if you are honest, for example, and let your partner know that you think he is poor at apologizing? If you are prepared to work through the issue together, it could bring the two of you much closer. Downfalls and/or Risks Deciding if a couples app has potential benefits for you is important as you consider adding more screen time to your day. A nationwide survey conducted by Common Sense Media in 2017 found that adults (parents) spend an average of 9 hours and 22 minutes in front of a screen each day. (Screens referring to smartphones, tablets, computers, or televisions). This time is not due to the need to use screens at work, as 8 hours of the screen time was deemed personal and not work-related.?? A related issue is that using a couples app might add yet another item to your to-do list. If you view the app as something you have to do rather than want to do, especially if its something only one of you wish to do, it could lead to greater feelings of distance or resentment. Those who are dealing with a partner who doesnt want to change arent likely to find that an app solves the problem. The motivation behind purchasing a couples app can be key as to whether the app could help or hurt. If your motivation in purchasing a couples app is to point out your partners faults, its not likely to be of benefit and could actually be harmful. If you are hoping that the app will somehow open your partners eyes to something he or she is doing wrong, finding a good relationship counselor might be a better option. These apps are also not all-inclusive, and may not delve into the issues that are most important to address in your relationship. In this sense, and if you have any serious issues, it could be like applying a bandage over a wound that continues to bleed. On the surface, it might look better, but underneath things could actually be worsening. If you do choose to buy a couples app, take a moment to think about the power of your words. Words can cause tremendous emotional pain and can be much sharper when typed on a screen than when said in person. Overall, taking a moment to think of your intent before getting a couples app is an excellent way to weigh the benefits and downfalls. If you are hoping that it will be fun, and enrich your relationship, it very well may. If you are instead considering it as a way to repair serious relationship problems, think twice. Benefits Prompts discussing topics you may have been avoiding Provides structure for communication Breaks through assumptions Drawbacks Is one more bout of screen time Expectation that the app will lead to your partner changing is likely misplaced Doesnt replace relationship counseling for serious issues Couples Apps There are a number of different apps that are designed to improve relationships. Some, such as Pathshare, help you keep track of each others day when you are apart. Others, such as Honeydue, can help you manage financial issues. Yet others focus on specific relationship concerns ranging from sex  to fertility, to how to fix a fight. These are some that are designed to enhance your overall relationship. Happy Couple App The Happy Couple app is available for download on both Apple and Android devices and uses quiz-style games to learn more about what your partner really thinks.  Each day you open the app on your own phone and your partner does the same. There are six topics from which your questions are generated. The topics are, “sex,” “responsibilities,” “communication,” “recreation,” “emotional” and “information.” After setting up an account with your information, you generate a link to send to your partner so that he or she does the same. After you are both set up, you answer several questions  about  yourself and your partner on a daily basis. Later, visit your feed and find out if your answers matched or not. You get points for correct matching answers that unlock new levels.   Discovering answer matches and mismatches is the best part. Each partner only gets half the answers which make you sit together to review the rest.  You are bound to encounter some things you didn’t know about your significant other. Even marriage therapists may be surprised! Just having the app, however, is not enough. One of the most important parts that you both must do is sit down and review your answers. This helps create the deep and meaningful conversations necessary to build connection and closeness in your relationship.?? The content of the questions is written by Dr. Lonnie Barbach, a renowned California-based psychologist, and author of several best-sellers on sex and relationships.  Dr. Barbach discusses her collaboration in developing this app. “Id love to see it help couples have better relationships,” says Dr. Barbach. “Like my books, my goal is a way to help a larger audience who cannot afford therapy.” She believes the app has also been useful for dating couples “to learn more about each other and to better determine if they are a good match” and long-married couples to “inspire new conversations.” She notices that the app encourages conversation when couples are too shy to bring up important topics such as sexual interests. Dr. Barbach emphasizes her goal is “to help couples have the kind of conversations that keep their relationship alive and interesting.”   Questions and tips were generated from scouring the internet on the topic of relationships. Dr. Barbach worked backward to develop questions out of the content. The app addresses couples at different relationship stages and has been surprisingly beneficial to the long-distance relationship. Gottman Card Decks An app called Gottman Card Decks is another that has the potential to improve your relationship. Put out by the Gottman Institute, the card decks make use of research-based approaches to relationships and are modeled after card decks used for weekend workshops for couples.?? With 14 decks and over 1000 cards, the Gottman Card Decks use open-ended questions to get you and your partner talking about a multitude of topics that you may have overlooked. But thats not all. The cards are unique in helping people to name the emotions and the degree of emotions they are feeling. They are also designed to help people better express their own needs in the relationship as well as to express empathy towards the other partner. Altogether, there are many ways the cards can help couples reconnect in our currently overwhelming world. Couple The Couple app, formerly known as Pair, is another couples app that is somewhat like Facebook messenger but designed for only two people. Unlike some apps that are designed to help both members of a couple keep track of day to day activities, however, the Couple app focuses on helping people express love towards each other. The app, which is available on both Android and Apple devices, is set in a timeline format. Features range from sharing photos to Facetime to using the thought bubble to let your partner know what you are thinking about him or her. A Word From Verywell Downloading a couples app has the potential to enrich your relationship, improve communication, and enhance intimacy, but it is not for everyone. Before downloading one of these apps, take an honest look at your motivation. If you are wishing to correct your partner, seeing a counselor or therapist face to face might be a much better option. That said, since so many apps currently focus on finding the right person, or specific issues such as birth control or infertility, its exciting to see apps that focus on maintaining those relationships over the long run.

The Leadership Model Inclusive Leadership And...

Ethical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders such as Authentic, Servant, and Strategic understand the importance of all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational plan. Such traits allow leaders to effectively engage with subordinates of a wide variety of cultural, demographic, and social constrictions. This assignment will address the role of inclusive leadership in strengthening the organizational culture among a diverse global group of employees. The organization is planting business operations in Greece, Singapore, Germany, and Iran and will be hiring employees from these diverse nations to work along with staff from the United States. The researcher has been hired as a consultant to bring the group of workers together and is tasked with synergizing the multicul tural group into a cohesive group of high- performance workers. Traits of Inclusive Leadership According to Korsakiene Diskiene (2015) traits are the distinguishing factors that differentiate inclusive leaders from their peers, in leadership theory. There have been six major traits identifies of which an inclusive leader possess. The following traits differentiate inclusive leaders from other types of leadership in a domestic or multinational organization. Each of theShow MoreRelatedInclusive Leadership And Its Impact On Cultural Diversity1517 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal organizations create a need for diversity. It is in our schools, our classrooms and conference rooms, and our community. Diversity encompasses many aspect of our lives such as: race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, education, and background. Inclusive leadership model brings us together by using our knowledge and our differences. Ospina, Hdidy, and Caicedo (2011) define inclusive leadership as an organizational culture that consistently produces results that benefit all of thoseRead MoreInclusive Leadership : Forming A Global Team1114 Words   |  5 PagesInclusive Leadership: Forming a Global Team Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures September 21, 2016 t: Ethical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders understand all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational planRead MoreDiversity Training And Cultural Sensitivity Training Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesLeading in a Culturally Diverse Global Society As organizations become increasingly global, the success of organizations is dependent on the leaders skills in merging diverse cultures in building high performance teams across multiple countries. Global organizations are required to adapt to continuous changes in culturally diverse global business environment. Multinational leaders must become adapt to leading a culturally diverse workforce if the organization is to become transcontinental. ThereforeRead MoreDiversity Management and Cultural Intelligence1260 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessfully compete in a global marketplace. Corporations can no longer use lack of cultural intelligence as an excuse. 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Culture, a very common word in today’s world, plays a very vital role in organizations and it not only affects an employee’s professional development but also their personal harmony. Culture gives a sense of belonging to people, a sense of who they are and how productive they are at their wor k place. It helps in interacting with each other at a work place. Culture varies from one organization to another as itRead MorePolyProds Management Information System: A Case Study3977 Words   |  16 Pagesidea of globalism continues to break down cultural barriers. As this continues it will be essential for organizations to not only understand, but embrace cultural differences and styles (Trebing Estabrooks 2005). Clearly, the changing demands of global stakeholders require new ways of approaching divergent customer bases. There are differences in style, skill, education and attitude in every organization now accentuated when we think of the multi-national organization. In our case study, for instance

Essay Pirates and Emperors by Noam Chomsky - 2692 Words

Pirates and Emperors by Noam Chomsky â€Å"St. Augustine tells the story of a pirate captured by Alexander the Great. How dare you molest the sea? asked Alexander. How dare you molest the whole world? the pirate replied. Because I do it with a little ship only, I am called a thief; you, doing it with a great navy, are called an emperor.[1] This extract from Noam Chomsky’s book ‘Pirates and Emperors’ highlights the relativity of terms and labels, showing how different viewpoints result in different interpretations of the same incident. Chomsky uses the passage to discuss terrorism in its most literal sense as referring â€Å"†¦to the†¦show more content†¦The aims and conduct of Palestinian groups will be compared briefly with pre – 1948 Jewish groups - guerrilla fighters in the eyes of Jews, terrorists in British eyes. An ironic reversal has placed the guerrilla fighters/ terrorists onto the role of ‘Emperor’, facing the mammoth task of maintaining an order that effectively promotes and gives rise to guerrilla fighters/ terrorists. The two main issues to be discussed in this section are the Al Aqsa Intifada and the israeli response. Secondly, the use of suicide bombings by Palestinians as a political and military tool by the Palestinians will be examined. The core of the debate can be summed up by phrases such as â€Å"one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter† or â€Å"Terrorism, like beauty is in the eye of the beholder†.[3] The formulations are far too simple however, to account for complex situations. Complexities, that stretch the boundaries of suffering and the Human capability of cruelty, in so doing stretching the moral constraints on what is legitimate and what is not. At the end of The Second Great War of Europe for example, after the horrific suffering faced by the Jewish race amongst others, the Zionist aim of establishing a Jewish state had further justification for attaining its objective. The primary issue in 1945 was of Jewish immigration to Palestine, the British opposed theShow MoreRelatedIslamophobia in Britain2477 Words   |  10 PagesMuslims in Britain, (August 2002) 4. London’s Quality Newspaper â€Å"Evening Standard†, Published: Monday 05/02/07 5. Michael Connolly, Townshend-Smith on Discrimination Law:Text, Cases and Materials, 2th ed, (Great Britain,2004) 6. . Noam Chomsky, Pirates and Emperors, Old and New. International Terrorism in the Real World, (London,2002) 7. Wolfgang Bedenek and Alice Yotopoulos-Maragopoulos(Eds), Anti-Terrorist Measures and Human Rights, (Leiden,The Netherlands,2004)

The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison - 2146 Words

Instead of making the plot of â€Å"The Bluest Eye†, center around events of overt racism or such African American issues in order to address the looming specter of slavery and race, the focus of the book and this analysis of The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison presents readers with a more complicated and ultimately deeper portrayal of the effects of racism via an emphasis on the way self-hatred plagues the black characters. In the narrator’s description of how the Breedlove family was ugly, it is stated in one of the important quotes from â€Å"The Bluest Eye†, â€Å"You looked at them and wondered why they were so ugly; you looked closely and could not find the source. Then you realized that is came from conviction, their conviction. It was as though some mysterious and all-knowing master had given each one of them a cloak of ugliness to wear and they had each accepted it without question† (39). What Morrison is stating here is that the feeling of low self-wor th after years of being put down is still perpetuating and is resulting in an ugliness that is constantly felt, if not directly seen. More importantly, the narrator suggests that they accept this imposed feeling of ugliness and lack of self-worth without questioning its source and it is this accepting of self-hatred, a hatred that comes from outside the family is one of the biggest problem faced by the family. However, it is not just the family that suffers from this feeling of polarity caused by black self-hatred, it is the entireShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the paper is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. The intended audiences are not only black people, but also other races had suffered racism until now. I could find out and concentrate on the most notable symbols which are whiteness, blue eyes and the characterization while reading the novel. Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison956 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Slavery Influenced the Characters of The Bluest Eye Unlike so many pieces of American literature that involve and examine the history of slavery and the years of intensely-entrenched racism that ensued, the overall plot of the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, does not necessarily involve slavery directly, but rather examines the aftermath by delving into African-American self-hatred. Nearly all of the main characters in The Bluest Eye who are African American are dominated by the endlessRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1189 Words   |  5 PagesA standard of beauty is established by the society in which a person lives and then supported by its members in the community. In the novel The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, we are given an extensive understanding of how whiteness is the standard of beauty through messages throughout the novel that whiteness is superior. Morrison emphasizes how this ideality distorts the minds and lives of African-American women and children. He emphasizes that in order for African-American wom en to survive in aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1095 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a major theme in the book The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. Toni Morrison is saying that there are dysfunctional families in every social class, though people only think of it in the lower class. Toni Morrison was also stating that people also use social class to separate themselves from others and apart from race; social class is one thing Pauline and Geraldine admire.Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda are affected by not only their own social status, but others social status too - for exampleRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesblack/whiteness. Specifically, white people were positioned at the upper part of the hierarchy, whereas, African Americans were inferior. Consequently, white people were able to control and dictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and id eals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’sRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the wo rld.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the story revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliated

Case Study Analysis on Apple Implemented Strategies

Question: Describe about the Case Study Analysis on Apple for Implemented Strategies. Answer: Introduction: No matter how big a player one is in the market, problems are part of every organizations life (Reason 2016). Apple is one such big player whose success stories are in plenty but still it has some issues to deal with that sometimes acts as a speed breaker in its way of moving forward. Apples reputation in the market is one to be jealous of, but it too has issues internally and externally and of late the reputation has taken a beating. The company has faced some issues after the release of iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus. iPhone has been a popular choice for people over the years but with cropping up of issues the organisation must put the spotlight on solving those problems as quickly as possible. Over the years it has emerged as one of the giants in the computer and electronics industry with its implemented strategies being the best (Korten 2015). But the path has not been that easy to get to the place where it is today. The market has become very competitive and one small mistake can lead to thousands of adversity. People have said innumerous number of times that a big organization like Apple does not requires a Public relation department but it is one of the major parts of the organisation. Professional Accounting and Public Relation problem associated with Apple Inc. Apple uses SAP software worldwide and it has one of the most efficient and best accounting system standards. To know the problems faced by Apple in its accounting system, first we need to look into the functionality of the same. It is very cost effective Helps in decision making and determining the organizational goals Develop the products quality Improve the effectiveness and efficiency of companys profit Helps in collection and procession of data As stated earlier Apple uses the SAP software, its functionality with the company are: SAP is one of the most popular software used by the big corporate globally The software provides packages for different applications such as supply chain management, purchase, asset management and enterprise resource planning. Accounting system of any company helps in matters such as safety, cost efficiency, forecasting and determining speed at which the firm works (Bebbington and Larrinaga 2014). SAP software has its own benefits too. It helps in minimizing redundancy risk like quality inspection and supervision. It also facilitates in helping develop a more efficient environment and solves the problem of language barrier and currency rates. SAP assists in enhancing the knowledge. Problems with Apples Accounting System: In July 2013, Turkish security researcher Ibrahim Balic hacked the developer portal of Apple. The company issued a statement later saying that the hacking incident might have stolen information about their around 2, 75,000 registered third party developers who were in the habit of using it. The hacking led to a speculation among developers that the portal developer.apple.com might have experienced a database break down or it has been hacked. Ibrahim Balic claimed that his intention was not to hack the site but to let Apple know the flaws it has in its system that was leaking valuable information. Apple was never on the same page with Ibrahim as it shut down the portal, updated the server software and rebuilds the entire database. This incident did manage to point out the loopholes in the Apples accounting system. Other situations or problems that might occur are the danger to accounting information, security measures and management. The SAP software is a tad too expensive and its inflexible nature can cause a problem or two to go along with its not being user friendly. Moreover SAP requires a signed agreement by the company for its use and it holds that company to the vendor until the end of that contract. Accounting does face a lot of challenges these days, irrespective of any organization. Certain issues which present business with challenges are: Development of new business 70.5% Finding good talent 51.1% Changes related to internal matters 33.0% Technological issues 30.7% Meeting clients expectations/Deals 29.6% Organizations that are able to face these challenges with proper strategies stand out from the rest in the market. International competition with more and more competitive pressure is bogging down the firms to organic growth (Fogliasso and Williams 2014). There is intense competition and challenges to generate new leads are becoming difficult. Talented people are always welcome in organizations and a firms reputation plays a vital role in hiring the best in the market for the optimum output. Apples reputation is huge in the market and for it acquiring the best people is not a hard job. Its from todays recruitment that leaders of tomorrow are born. Big organizations do boost of highly intelligent visible experts who shape up the brand image among both clients and employees. No matter how talented one is, he cannot work forever, so an organization needs to be in a continuous cycle of developing leaders and for that visibility experts need to assist the firms. Technological issues and dealing with clients expectations are a struggle that firms face every single day (Christensen 2013). Technological needs and related clients expectations are difficult to deal with. Clients do expect big service from the firms and they expect their problems to be solved as fast as it can be. Client satisfaction is a huge thing in todays market and firms cannot overlook it. Firms do look for the kind of clients they are best suited for, or the section of people who have been the real backbone in adding profit to the companys account, the loyal customers. Problem 1: iCloud Breach The popular iCloud was getting hacked with hackers focusing on top level female celebrities, stealing their private images and videos that raised doubts on iClouds security system. Apple did issue a statement after this but the situation did not boil down. The public relation response of Apple stated that they investigated the cases of security breach but none of the cases were related to Apples system including iCloud and Find my iPhone. Find my Iphone service has a security blemish which permitted the hackers to continuously guess a users log-in information. Numerous attempts did not result in any repercussion and eventually it got locked out after number of failed attempts. This resulted in the hackers being able to break into the users accounts. Some tech experts were quick to find out that Apple ignored the most important fact that with right tools Apples ID can be easily cracked down. People became scared and it was imperative on Apples part to make things work again in the right way. Molly Jacobson, Account executive at National Strategies Public Relations commented that after the security breach, Apple should have come up with a more polished statement than its sub standard one which it issued. Hackers ability to access personal files is just not acceptable. Molly went on to add that hacking of such personal files is way more dangerous than getting access to someones bank account details. With hacking of bank accounts, funds can be refunded, but not peoples reputation with hacking of such private files. A problem that needed a quick action from Apple and they did just that. To counter the breach in security problem, Apple released a statement that deal with the issue of security. If hackers do try to get into elses iCloud account, notification emails will be send to the users alerting them about the matter. It also has two dynamic passwords authentication classification that texts users a randomized admission code. The security got strengthened but users were advised to change or update their passwords on a regular basis. Moreover, they were suggested to use passwords that are complex in nature including both the uppercase and lowercase letters as well as symbols. Passwords with birthdays and names of people are an easy way in for hackers. Users were advised to avoid these for their own benefits. Remembering a lot of passwords can be a tag difficult, but with password manager program things have become easy. This tool will generate passwords randomly and stock them in a protected vault. Users thus, just need to remember one in order to safeguard the others. Problem 2: iOS8 malfunction Problems with iOS8 delayed the much anticipated release of HealthKit apps. The apps were supposed to be released with the launch of iPhone 6. The iOS8s faulty nature made developers delay the release of the apps. Some common issues with the App were that some of the new iPhones were incapable to make calls and problems of using third party key boards were also there. A report published in Crittercism stated that iOS8s crash percentage was 78% more than what people experienced with iOS7. The company had some problems with its internal employees too with certain rumors doing the rounds that the workers do not get proper time for meals or being kept waiting for hours beyond their duty periods for supervisors to go through their private stuff (Keating 2016). The added up time for that did not provide with any wages that as reported amounted to around $1500. However, everybody wants to be a part of a successful organization and people working in Apple are no different. Problems do occur, its like part and parcel of an organisations life, Apple has been facing a lot of issues recently but that have not been able to bog down the giant. It has come up with solutions every time there has been a problem. Its how quickly a firm can react to a certain situation and make things work again is what puts it at different level than the rest (Coombs and Holladay 2013). Recommended Solutions to the Professional Accounting and Public Relation problem of the Apple Inc. Ways to improve the accounting system of Apple Inc. Controls System both internal and the external one Reporting of any problem if there is any Sometimes organizations do take outside help from other accounting solution organizations in seeking the best technical advice that in turn helps the client company to improve its financial reports (Hazelton 2013). Outsourcing this will leave the company to focus on areas of its primary concern. Every organisation has its own needs and the accounting solution company must be able to cater the need of that company and come up with the best possible solutions, building a strong relationship and a steady base for the clients business success. It can also provide its assistance to the client company in accounting recruiting and providing them with proper training and control to both the new and the existing staffs (Kristensen and Israelsen 2013). It generally provides the technical accounting recommendation, internal audits, expert imminent to offer substitute treatment and solutions. Apple and SAP are in partnership to transform work. The two giants have come together to reform the mobile use experience. They have vowed to provide people with better life experience and shaping the world for today and tomorrow. They are going to combine the powerful apps of SAP HANA Cloud and SAP S/4HANA, collectively with iOS, building the most strong and secure mobile stage for projects, delivering people with live data from wherever and whenever they decide to work. SAP will be a real boost for Apple to stay ahead in the competition. With this joining of hands between the two giants Apple plans to build up user friendly apps with proper assistance from the German firm (Apple 2016). According to reports from Reuters, Apple has been in partnership with other big firms like IBM and Cisco which has enabled them to reach to global business professionals. Apple and its Public Relation technique: Apple has been a champion of silent techniques when it comes to PR campaigns. Apples public relation campaigns have always been like this, even when it was not this popular. It has always maintained that its products do not need those long boring funny ads to let people know what makes those products so important in peoples life (Olasky 2013). Apple believes their products speak for themselves. Apple has always been able to maintain that hype, that buzz around its products. They have been highly successful in creating that suspense that is generally witnessed on and before the launch of any Apple product (Apple 2016). Over the years, Apple has been getting the love of the people; it has some of the most loyal customer base in the market. Even at the time of crisis the company has used this silent technique to turn around things for good (Broom et al. 2013). Fig. 1 Apples PR structure to launch new products Apple believes in: Communication is the key to a brand- Apple has been very disciplined in its silent ways of product launches and keeping itself at bay to unnecessary media wars. It does not have thousand stories to build around its product, things in Apple gets described from the top. Apple connects in the most amazing way with its users. Even in the social media every customer tweets, comments, problems are being addressed and one can easily point out that Apple do not use generic responses to communicate with their customers, real humans gives real replies and that connects well with the people (Hitt et 2012). Negative online reviews are hard to stop with so many social networks working, but it is the duty of the public relation to keep a track of these conversations where bad things are said about the company (Damsio et al. 2012). The public relation must be able to reply to the point and clearly as and when required (Dozier et al. 2013). Apples unique way of press releases- Steve Jobs is the face of Apple and how astonishingly he is the man who approves all the press releases that comes out of the company. Apple is not in the habit of holding many press releases; they say something when they have something very important to say. No matter how big a company is, a press release on product description or enhancement is important (Heracleous and Papachroni 2012). Journalists are an important section of the media. It is always advisable to call journalists who are trustworthy and Apple has been inviting some top ones its press releases, arranging first row seats for them and handing them with the products before a launch. It has implemented its silent techniques on journalists too who have gone a little too far in revealing about its products (Parsons 2016). On one or two occasions it has even send letters to the top journalists who have been a bit too open about their latest launches. Culture marketing is becoming vital in PR- One section of Apples PR division is in the charge of focusing on high profile people and make them or in other words mould them to use Apple products (Menzel 2013). In the problem section related to Public relations it was reported that iCloud breach of security was a major problem which effected high profile celebrities too. There are two ways to tackle this situation: Killing the security question: Password reset questions are silly things that have long being laughed on. Those questions are very easy to guess especially when the client is a high profile one, with everything about them mentioned all over the web (Jefkins 2016). It is much safer to retrieve a password reset link from the mail of users who have forgotten their passwords. With presence of physical mailing address in the file Apple can mail them a one-time recovery mail. It was suggested in a daily report that Apple can also charge some cents or two dollars to the users who have lost both the password and the access to the mail. Make Passwords delinquents prove themselves in person: Cornell computer security professor Ari Juels, recommended for a faster last resort revival method: demanding that password limbos must prove their uniqueness in person. People do not have that habit of going to a counter and resetting passwords themselves, they are more into submission of documents and getting things done. Apple does have its retail outlets in many countries, so all that the user needs to do is to be there physically at one of the genius bars, prove themselves and get the password reset. The company can also work in tandem with banks and post offices who will work as authentication authorities. In case of Apples iOS8 dilemma it reacted quickly which is important in this kind of situations. Within one week of new iPhones hitting the market, it released an updated version of iOS 8 which was iOS 8.0.1. However, problems still existed even with the updated version. Users were having difficulty to use the fingerprint reading Touch ID. Apple went further and came up with a new update, iOS 8.0.2 which would fix the problems arising from the use of iOS 8.0.1. Things like this happen; errors can bypass the testing system. It so happens that real problems do emerge in real situations so every issue cannot be predetermined and tested for possible solutions (Culbertson and Chen 2013). Sometimes the solution has been lightning quick, sometimes a bit lagged as was in the case of iCloud security breach. It is a brand that people have been made for, so much so that its new launches witnesses people being in tents for days to get their first hand on the products (Cutlip 2013). It has got very loyal customer base and Apple will do anything to hold onto it forever for people are the biggest strengths for ant organisation. Peoples belief in Apple brand is immense and it is in the hands of the company to strengthen that bond further with a little more detailing and care for its customers. Apples public relation campaigns are something that others can take a leaf or two out of it to have success. It teaches on how to successfully use PR techniques to create a buzz, and launch products with proper accomplishment and favorable reviews with consumer recognition (Grunig 2013). Apple has been a role model for many other firms of different sectors. Companies like this are examples for others to follow. Not every company has the potential to be in the same page with that of Apple but things can be better with a proper design or model of an organization whose success stories speaks for themselves. Conclusion: Apple Inc has been a market leader everywhere, not only in Australia only. It has had some issues but it has taken things in its stride, gone back to the drawing board and make things work again. Problems are related to its accounting, management and public relations but it is bound to be there because of its high tech submission, using the highest enterprise application software (Smith 2012). This report takes into account all the possibilities and situations that have been faced by the company over the years. Apple has been quick to react at times, like in case of iOS 8, and sometimes it was slow to start off like in case of iCloud breach of security. But it has come long years and taken giant steps to be in the place where it is now. Apple has been tactically good in partnering with SAP to make its device more powerful. These decisions have ensured it retains the position of market leader. Market and environment will always present challenges, but it is the ability of the firm to turn those challenges into success and move along. Apple has kept things compact and it has not changed those successful techniques even after being highly successful. Apple has not been too loud when things have gone out of control, they have been holding things tight, and with the excellent talent at their bay its always easy to come back strong. Tim Cook has been instrumental after Steve Jobs in carrying on the good work. References: Apple (Australia). (2016).Business. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/au/business/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Apple (Australia). (2016).Labour Human Rights - Supplier Responsibility - Apple (AU). [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/au/supplier-responsibility/labor-and-human-rights/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Bebbington, J. and Larrinaga, C., 2014. Accounting and sustainable development: An exploration.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), pp.395-413. Broom, G.M., Sha, B.L. and Seshadrinathan, S., 2013.Cutlip Center's effective public relations. Essex, England: Pearson Education. Christensen, C., 2013.The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Coombs, W.T. and Holladay, S.J., 2013.It's not just PR: Public relations in society. John Wiley Sons. Culbertson, H.M. and Chen, N., 2013.International public relations: A comparative analysis. Routledge. Cutlip, S.M., 2013.The unseen power: Public relations: A history. Routledge. Damsio, M.J., Dias, P. and Andrade, J.G., 2012. The PR Pyramid: Social media and the new role of Public Relations in organizations.Revista Internacional de Relaciones Pblicas,2(4), pp.11-30. Dewey, J. and Rogers, M.L., 2012.The public and its problems: An essay in political inquiry. Penn State Press. Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A. and Grunig, J.E., 2013.Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Fogliasso, C.E. and Williams, A., 2014. Analysis Of The Business, Societal And Governmental Relationships Of Apple Inc.Leadership Organizational Management Journal,2014(1). Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Hazelton, J., 2013. Accounting as a human right: the case of water information.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(2), pp.267-311. Heracleous, L. and Papachroni, A., 2012. Strategic leadership and innovation at Apple Inc.case study. Coventry: Warwick Business School. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Jefkins, F., 2016.Public Relations: Made Simple. Elsevier. Keating, M., 2016 Changing the subject: putting labour into public relations research.Media International Australia,160(1), pp.20-31. Korten, D.C., 2015.When corporations rule the world. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kristensen, T.B. and Israelsen, P., 2013. Management accounting system problems in context of Lean.The Routledge Companion to Cost Management, p.32. Menzel, A., 2013. How well placed Apple is to sustain its recent success in the Consumer Electronics Industry. Olasky, M.N., 2013.Corporate public relations: A new historical perspective. Routledge. Parsons, P.J., 2016.Ethics in public relations: A guide to best practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Reason, J., 2016.Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Smith, R.D., 2012.Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge.

Pros and Cons of High

A Simple Way to Complete an Outstanding Analytical Essay

A Simple Way to Complete an Outstanding Analytical Essay A Simple Way to Complete an Outstanding Analytical Essay It doesn’t matter what academic assignment you have: a simple descriptive essay or a research paper on physics. Knowing the basic principles will always help you to complete any sort of a task with minimum affords. Analytical essay is not an exception. It is a paper, where you need to analyze and interpret an event, piece of art or situation. You need to show your critical thinking and apply all of the knowledge you have gained. Decide what will be the center of your work. Any analytical essay concentrates on a topic, certain quote or issue. That is why you need to analyze the subject and decide what aspects you will focus on. Include facts on a matter to support your point of view, even if your essay is written about a book or a movie; Choose your topic. Usually professors give a topic to write about but sometimes you can choose it yourself. Here is where the most problems arise and most of the students simply don’t know how to manage the task properly. If it is a movie or a book analysis, you can back your opinion with actions of various characters. You can also analyze motives of actors or participants. If it is a historical event, don’t forget to describe the things that influenced it. As well as use scientific tools for an academic topic; Start with a thesis statement. It is one of the most important parts of any assignment, as it gives the reader a chance to understand whether he wants to go on reading. A thesis statement of an analytical essay should back your ideas and give the reader a chance to see what issues you are going to discuss; Back your thoughts with evidence. You should pay great attention to all the materials you are dealing with, as they will be later used to back your ideas. Use films, books or any other materials to support your statement and add additional evidence to your thesis. It is a great idea to explain various events or situations, which happened before the described events and their influence on the matter; Write a plan of your paper. Completing an outline may greatly simplify your life, as you will be able to always stick to the plan and remember what thinks you wanted to write about. A regular analytical essay consists of a short introduction, body and conclusions. The body paragraphs contain main information on the matter, so here you need to indicate all of the most important features on the subject. Example of an analytical essay plan: Introduction Section 1: Causes of the event Section 2: Description of the event Part 3: Reaction of the characters Conclusions Compose your analytical essay    Write the introduction. Any introduction requires careful attention to details, as it gives the reader an overall impression and encourages him to go on reading. That is why you need to be innovative and make your topic as attractive as possible. However, don’t include too many facts and details, as they may easily bore the audience. You should also try to avoid dramatic elements, like exclamation marks, as an analytical essay always remains subjective; Write body paragraphs. There is a great way to complete your body paragraphs in a simple way. You should only divide them into three parts: Write down the main sentence; Analyze the text; Include a certain fact, which will confirm your thesis and text analysis. Every paragraph should correspond with your thesis statement and provide a deep understanding of the topic. Don’t be in a hurry and complete a thorough analysis of all statements; Wisely choose a place for quotes and paraphrases. Any time you want to use someone else’s thoughts or phrases, you need to quote them inside the text. With such citations, you support your ideas or provide useful information, so it is important to add quotes to relevant paragraphs. Make sure you cite everything properly depending on the required formatting style; Write down the conclusions. When working on this section, you need to remind the audience your main statements on the topic. It is also possible to paraphrase the thesis but make it sound different from the introduction section. Provide different ideas and conclusions to make the reader think on the topic. Your opinion shouldn’t influence someone else’s assessment but still it is useful to write a couple sentences on your own ideas. Final stage Go through your paper over and over again to avoid any mistakes, including lexical and grammatical ones. Even the best paper can receive lower marks if it contains lots of mistakes and complex sentences. That is why you need to make sure that you spend enough time on correcting possible errors. If you find it difficult, ask someone to help; Read your analytical essay aloud. Students often neglect this common practice. However, it can greatly help you to concentrate on the sections, which you didn’t pay attention to. You may also see what sections or even phrases sound too complicated and which are readable. Making one step at a time, you will be able to complete an outstanding essay, which will be smooth and interesting; Eliminate all possible spelling mistakes. There is nothing worse than writing names, locations and places with mistakes. Take your time and consult several various sources to make sure you spell such information correctly. The best tips you will ever get It will be much easier to write down your thesis statement if you understand what you are willing to prove. Your opinion may change throughout the work, so you should simply alter the thesis statement a bit; Stick to the point. Some students think that writing a long essay, filled with watery sentences, is a great solution. However, any professor will agree that your analytical essay should be brief and clear. Every sentence you write should analyze a certain matter and be backed by a research; Don’t use too many quotes. Of course, it is great to use quotes and citations of scholarly sources and other authors. However, loading your text with too many details will simply do you harm, as your professor may think that you don’t have any personal thoughts on the subject; Be innovative. It is difficult to stand out from hundreds of other works, so finding a way to differ is crucial if you want to be noticed. If the topic allows, write your essay in a form of an autobiography or a letter. In addition, you can add infographics, illustrations and provocative titles to engage the reader; No everyday language. If your essay is analytical and requires a critical approach, it is necessary to avoid everyday phrases. If you decide to use slang you can sound unprofessional, which may greatly influence your final grades and overall impression from the text.

Short essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short - Essay Example For an industry to succeed in a competitive market, it should focus on two common trainings, the general management training and functional training. The main aim of training is to offer cordial services which reflect friendly and warmth required in a highly competitive market. Training also maintains the image of self-assurance and influence in the employees’ mind. As per my understanding, in a commercial aviation, comprehensive training motivate the employees by providing them with information on the expectation of the industry, skills of handling passengers as well as the regulations that guides the operation in an industry. The second main motivator to my success in a competitive commercial aviation is the creation of high-performance service delivery team. A good number of aviation services require teamwork to necessitate the delivery of impeccable services to customers. Effectual teamwork in aviation industry in most cases facilitates skills and knowledge sharing among t eam members. On the other hand, I am also motivated to work in a competitive aviation industry by recognition and recompense for a mission well accomplished. Apt reward system forms the key policy for motivation in an industry. ... Explain. I am comfortable in working with students from different cultural, political, social, racial, and religion backgrounds. My past experiences have helped me in coming up with several ways of adopting with people from different backdrop. In my initial stage of coping with students from diverse background, I will create a conscious decision aimed at establishing tangible friendship. In developing a substantial friendship with people from different background, I will make sure that, I understand the cultural diversity of people in my presence. After identifying the existing background, I will place myself in a situation which will facilitate meetings with students from different cultural settings. Attending meetings, celebrations as well as looking for other resourceful means of meeting students from different background will assist me in interacting with many students from different cultural background. I will then identify the biasness and misconceptions relating to different c ultural background. To facilitate cordial relationship with people from different cultural backgrounds, the understanding of cultural misinformation is extremely crucial. The understanding of other student’s cultural misconception will help me in asking relevant question concerning their views, customs, and culture. To get a deep understanding on cultural background of different students, reviewing of their culture and history literature is also vital. On the other hand, to cope well with people from different cultural background, it is important to listen to other people history, show a sense of caring, understand different communication values and styles, make a risk of making mistakes as well as

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - Essay Example For him, Hinduism was a religion that he knew better than other religions and he found it non-violent and peaceful. One aspect that Gandhi used to search in religions was their nonviolent attitude towards different aspects of life. He found nonviolence in Christianity, Buddhism and other religions.Gandhi practiced Hinduism by continuing to be a vegetarian all his life, he read and acted upon the teachings of Gita and he preached about non-violence and peace (Mahatma Gandhi: Hinduism at its Best). He was an inspiration for the Hindus. He believed in all the teachings of Hinduism and practiced those that seemed suitable to him.He emphasized on reading Gita and also informed that when he used to read it, it soothed him. Gandhi showed liking for the concepts of protection of cow, peace and non-violence but he showed disliking for the concepts of murti puja, intolerance to touch by Brahmans, virgin widowhood and spoilage of virgins (1961; Mahatma Gandhi: Hinduism at its Best).Gandhi held his own opinions about other existent religions. He considered all the religions equally. According to him, he belonged to all religions and also said that all religions of the world helped him in self-realization. According to Gandhi, all religions consist of positive values that should be considered and followed in order to be a good human being (Mahatma Gandhi: Hinduism at its Best). Gandhi once said, â€Å"I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist, and a Jew†, which described about his neutrality towards other religions except Hinduism.

A History of Pottery

A History of Pottery The production of pottery is one of the most ancient arts. The oldest known body of pottery dates from the Jomon period (from about 10,500 to 400 BC) in Japan; and even the earliest Jomon ceramics exhibit a unique sophistication of technique and design. Excavations in the Near East have revealed that primitive fired-clay vessels were made there more than 8,000 years ago. Potters were working in Iran by about 5500 BC, and earthenware was probably being produced even earlier on the Iranian high plateau. Chinese potters had developed characteristic techniques by about 5000 BC. In the New World many pre-Columbian American cultures developed highly artistic pottery traditions. TYPES OF WARES Pottery comprises three distinctive types of wares. The first type, earthenware, has been made following virtually the same techniques since ancient times; only in the modern era has mass production brought changes in materials and methods. Earthenware is basically composed of clayoften blended claysand baked hard, the degree of hardness depending on the intensity of the heat. After the invention of glazing, earthenwares were coated with glaze to render them waterproof; sometimes glaze was applied decoratively. It was found that, when fired at great heat, the clay body became nonporous. This second type of pottery, called stoneware, came to be preferred for domestic use. The third type of pottery is a Chinese invention that appeared when feldspathic material in a fusible state was incorporated in a stoneware composition. The ancient Chinese called decayed feldspar kaolin (meaning high place, where it was originally found); this substance is known in the West as china clay. Petuntse, or china stone, a less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material, was also used in Chinese porcelain; it forms a white cement that binds together the particles of less fusible kaolin. Significantly, the Chinese have never felt that high-quality porcelain must be either translucent or white. Two types of porcelain evolved: true porcelain, consisting of a kaolin hard-paste body, extremely glassy and smooth, produced by high temperature firing, and soft porcelain, invariably translucent and lead glazed, produced from a composition of ground glass and other ingredients including white clay and fired at a low temperature. The latter was widely produced by 18th-century Europea n potters. It is believed that porcelain was first made by Chinese potters toward the end of the Han period (206 BC-AD 220), when pottery generally became more refined in body, form, and decoration. The Chinese made early vitreous wares (protoporcelain) before they developed their white vitreous ware (true porcelain) that was later so much admired by Europeans. Regardless of time or place, basic pottery techniques have varied little except in ancient America, where the potters wheel was unknown. Among the requisites of success are correct composition of the clay body by using balanced materials; skill in shaping the wet clay on the wheel or pressing it into molds; and, most important, firing at the correct temperature. The last operation depends vitally on the experience, judgment, and technical skill of the potter. DECORATING TECHNIQUES In the course of their long history potters have used many decorating techniques. Among the earliest, impressing and incising of wares are still favored. Ancient potters in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, northern India, and the high regions of Central Asia (where primitive terra-cotta figures associated with religious cults were produced) frequently decorated wares with impressed or incised designs. A notable incising technique developed more recently was that of Korean potters working in the Koryo period (918-1392). These artisans began by ornamenting their celadon wares with delicately incised and impressed patterns and later developed elaborate inlaying by filling incised lines with colored slip (semiliquid clay). Black and white slip was used most effectively for inlaying colored porcelains. Decoration of this sort generally depends more on the skill of the artisan than on the complexity of the tools being used. An especially popular type of decoration involved the sgraffito, or scratched, technique used by Italian potters before the 15th century. This technique, which is thought to have reached Italy from the Near East, was probably derived from China, where it was first used during the Song (Sung) dynasty (960-1279). By the 16th century Italian potters working mainly in Padua and Bologna had developed great skill in sgraffito, which entailed the incising of designs on red or buff earthenware that had been coated with ordinary transparent lead glaze, usually toned yellow or, sometimes, brown, copper, or green. After firing, the wares were dipped into white clay slip so that a dark pattern could be cut on the surface. By cutting through the white slip, the artist produced a design on the exposed red or buff body. Pigments were also sometimes applied. After a further coating of lead glaze the ware was fired a second time. A sound knowledge of glazesboth utilitarian and decorativeis vital to the potter. The origin of glazes and glazing techniques is unknown, but the fine lustrous glazes developed in China surely began with a simple glaze that served to cover earthenware and render it watertight. Chinese potters used two kinds of glazes, one composed basically of feldspar, and another produced by fusing silica of quartz or sand by means of a flux, generally of lead oxide. Chinese potters regarded glazes and glazing techniques as having prime importance; under the Han emperors they made great efforts to improve this technology. The use of lead glaze increased, and wood ash was incorporated to impart a dullish brown or gray green coloring, somewhat blotchy and occasionally iridescent. These effects were entirely natural, as no coloring matter was added to the composition. Glazing techniques were modified under successive dynasties. Colored glazes were developed and used to brilliant effect by Tang (Tang) and Song potters, and a great diversity of brightly hued wares appeared over the centuries. Many connoisseurs feel that the pure white porcelain, called blanc de chine, which first appeared during the Ming dynasty, is the most serenely beautiful of all Chinese ceramics. Dehua (Te-hua) potters in Fujian (Fukien) province, working during the 17th century, produced their blanc de chine masterpieces in the purest white porcelain coated with a thick white glaze. Salt glaze, used by English potters during the early 1700s, may well have been known to the Chinese but was not used by them. Near Eastern potters glazed wares in ancient times. Potters in Mesopotamia and Iran commonly used an alkaline glaze made of quartz mixed with sodium and potassium. An admixture of colored metallic oxides, mostly lead, was introduced later. Painting on pottery and porcelain became richly colorful in many regions and periods. Decorative brush painting directly on the baked clay reached its zenith in China during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), whose artists were highly skilled at painting in fired colors. For a long period Chinese ceramic artists had used only black or brown pigment to decorate wares that were then covered with clear glaze. It is believed that the appearance in China of 13th-century brush-decorated wares from Persia sparked a change. These works, painted in blue cobalt under the glaze, inspired the brushwork of the Chinese and the resulting so-called blue-and-white style. Ming artists also excelled in painting over the glaze, using brilliant enamel colors. The overglaze technique, which evolved over two centuries, demanded correct preparation of the enamels, skill in application, and the proper (low) firing temperature. The overglaze enamel decorations executed during the reign of Chenghua (1465-87), which were never surpassed in China, incorporated flowers, foliage, and figure subjects against backgrounds of arabesques and scrollwork. Designs enclosed within dark blue outlines were filled in with brilliant color. Enamel decoration of superb quality was also executed in Japan during the Edo period (1615-1868) by celebrated artists and potters of the caliber of Kenzan, Kakiemon, and Ninsei. In the ancient Aegean the potters art developed continuously from the Neolithic period and through the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, culminating, in ancient Greece, in a unique type of painted pottery, which reached its height between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. The finest Greek pottery, especially Attic vases, was exquisitely proportioned and often decorated with finely painted relief work. Unlike artisans in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia, the Attic potters did not apply heavy glaze to their wares. The unique gloss commonly seen on Attic pottery and similar wares made elsewhere in Greece still baffles those who have tried to determine its formula and method of application. Neither a glaze nor a varnish, it is more marked on some areas, such as those painted black, than on others. Some experts conjecture that it may be attributed to illite or a similar clay mineral in a weak solution that was thinly applied to the surface of wares or mixed into the black paint used by the artists. In the Islamic world ceramic decorative art flowered with the creation of a great diversity of painted wares. Painted luster decoration on pottery originated in Mesopotamia and spread to ancient Egypt; later, under Islam in Persia, this type of decoration on white-glazed wares became incredibly brilliant. Islamic luster-painted wares were later imitated by Italian potters during the Renaissance. MAJOR TRADITIONS IN THE WEST After the fall of the ancient Roman Empire potters in Europe produced little other than repetitive utilitarian wares until the end of the Middle Ages. Earthenware A distinctive type of earthenware known as majolica, which was derived from Chinese porcelain, appeared in Italy during the last quarter of the 14th century. It is now believed that this type of painted earthenware was inspired by the Hispano-Moresque luster-decorated ware of Spanish origin introduced to Italy by Majorcan seagoing traders. Majolica ware, whether thrown on the wheel or pressed into molds, was fired once to obtain a brown or buff body, then dipped in glaze composed of lead and tin oxide with a silicate of potash. The opaque glaze presented a surface that was suitable to receive decoration. A second firing after decoration fixed the white glaze to the body and the pigments to the glaze, so that the colors became permanently preserved. Frequently, the beauty of these wares was increased by dipping them in a translucent lead glaze composed of oxide of lead mixed with sand, potash, and salt. When certain luster pigments and enamels were used in all-over painting, wares had to be specially fired at low temperature. Application of metallic luster pigments required great skill because these colors were extremely volatile and needed special handling. Luca della Robbia (see della Robbia, family) did not, as has been held, invent the enamel tin-glazing process; nevertheless, his work raised majolica production from a craft to high art in Italy. Not only did he use blue and white enamels in decorative work, but, as a sculptor, he also used the majolica technique to add brilliance to the surface of his productions. By the beginning of the 15th century Italian potters had abandoned the old familiar processes, and a revolution in style and techniques was under way. The severe style as followed principally in the school of Tuscany continued to the end of the 15th century, but rules and principles slackened until the inclusion of human figures in designs, previously frowned upon, was accepted. At the end of the 15th century Faenza became the thriving center of a reinvigorated pottery industry in Italy. A new, rich decorative style, known as istoriato, fired the imagination of potters, reaching its zenith in the workshops of Urbino. In early 17th-century England attractive slipwares were produced, including the slip-decorated earthenware that was a speciality of the Toft family of potters. A kind of tin-glazed earthenware was also produced in the Netherlands, principally at Delft, beginning in the mid-17th century. Termed delftware, it was among the first European wares to be decorated with motifs inspired by Chinese and Japanese models. Continental Porcelains Eventually, European potters, who much admired the porcelain of the Far East, attempted to imitate it, but the formula remained elusive. Francesco de Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in his Florence workshop during the 16th century. In March 1709, Augustus II of Saxony announced that his ceramist Johann Bottger (1682-1719) had discovered how to make porcelain. The first European royal porcelain manufactory was consequently established at Meissen (see Meissen ware) near Dresden, Germany. Throughout the century following the discovery of the porcelain formulawhen, despite the utmost precautions at Meissen, the secret leaked outmany rival factories were set up in Europe. Germany, Austria, Italy, France, and England soon had factories engaged in the production of wares much like those of Meissen. Porcelain figures were first produced in Meissen as table ornaments; the earliest examples were formed as part of sweetmeat dishes. Many splendid wares issued from the royal factory, but none were more admired than the finely modeled and decorated porcelain figures imitated by almost every German, Austrian, Italian, and English factory of note. Widespread interest in figures of both pottery and porcelain has continued to the present. Johann Joachim Kandler (1706-75), a master modeler, was the most notable of the artisans engaged in this work at Meissen and rivaled the famous Franz Anton Bustelli (1723-63) of Nymphenburg (see Nymphenburg ware). The methods used to produce porcelain figures as developed by Kandler imparted a new dimension to the art. German porcelain figures were usually produced from molds, which, in turn, were cast from an original master model made of wax, clay, or, occasionally, wood. The use of molds facilitated unlimited reproduction. Because the figures shrank during firing, allowances had to be made in their sizes; they were also provided with a small venthole in the back or base to permit excess heated air to escape. Because different factories placed these holes differently, their positions help determine the provenance and authenticity of given pieces. When considerable undercutting was necessary, porcelain figures were usually made in sections, using separate molds. Portions of elaborate groups and single figures were later joined by a specially trained assembler (known as a repairer) who usually worked from a master model. Europes second hard-paste porcelain factory began operations at Vienna in 1717. In the late 1700s at the royal Sevres (see Sevres ware) factory in France, potters experimented until they developed a remarkably white, finely textured body. Sevres wares were painted in unique colors that no other European factory could duplicate. The bleu de roi and rose Pompadour of Sevres wares captivated all Europe and, with the products of Meissen and Vienna, inspired English potters. English Wares The finest English porcelainboth soft- and hard-pastewas made between about 1745 and 1775. The first English porcelain was probably produced at Chelsea (see Chelsea ware) under Charles Gouyn, but his successor Nicholas Sprimont, a Flemish silversmith who took over management in 1750, was responsible for the high-quality wares, especially the superb figures, for which the factory became famous. Factories at Worcester (see Worcester ware), Bow, and Derby also produced wares that rival those of the Continent. Led by the ambitious, energetic, and enterprising Josiah Wedgwood and his successors at the Etruria factory, English potters in the late 18th and early 19th centuries became resourceful and inventive. Wedgwoods contributions consisted mainly of a much improved creamware, his celebrated jasperware, so-called black basalt, and a series of fine figures created by famous modelers and artists. After Wedgwood, other potters of the first half of the 19th century developed a number of new wares. Of these, Parian ware was the most outstanding and commercially successful. The name of this ware was derived from Paros, the Greek island from which sculptors in ancient times obtained the creamy or ivory-tinted marble that Parian ware resembled. The first examples of this new product, described as statuary porcelain, issued from Copeland and Garrets factory in 1842 and were immediately acclaimed. Two varieties of Parian ware were produced: statuary parian, used in the making of figures and reproductions of sculpture, and hard-paste, or standard, parian, from which hollowware was made. Statuary parian, incorporating a glassy frit, is classified as soft porcelain. Standard parian, with a greater proportion of feldspar in the composition but no frit, is hard porcelain. Early parian statuary was ivory-tinted due to the presence of iron in the feldspar devoid of iron silicate. Suitable deposits were eventually located in Sweden and Ireland. Both English and American potters either obtained details of the original formula or worked out their own, and the resulti ng production of Parian wares on both sides of the Atlantic was enormous. Among the most beautiful and successful wares invented by 19th-century potters were those decorated in what came to be known in England as pate-sur-pate, a paste-on-paste technique devised sometime after 1870 by Marc-Louis Solon (1835-1913) of Mintons in England. Pate-sur-pate, involving both modeling and painting techniques, was stained Parian ware decorated with reliefs in translucent tinted or white slip, the colors being laid one upon the other. Solon was inspired by a Chinese celadon case decorated with embossed flowers that he had admired in the museum at Sevres, where he worked for a time. At first his slip painting on biscuit porcelain simply peeled off; he was successful, however, when he applied layers of slip to a damp surface. Minton wares decorated with pate-sur-pate became the most costly and coveted ceramic ornaments produced in England in the last quarter of the 19th century. Only a few English potters mastered Solons complex technique, although the work of his pupil, Alboin Birks, rivaled that of the master. 20th-Century Developments By the late 19th century, with the development of machinery and the introduction of new technologies, the age of mass production dawned and the potters art consequently suffered. Western ceramic wares declined markedly in quality of materials and decoration. Florid designs, gaudy coloring, and inartistic shapes became fashionable, and the resulting decadence continued into the 20th century. Not until the 1930s were signs of revival in the form and decoration of ceramics discernible, principally in the productions of artist-potters who were active in Western Europe and the United States. Many of these artist-potters arrived at their innovations by way of continuous experiment with materials and techniques. Others sought inspiration from primitive types of Japanese pottery or in the forms of ancient American Indian traditions. Since the end of World War II the design and decoration of ceramics in both Europe and the United States, especially ornamental wares, has been largely influence d by individual artist-artisans. Commercial products, such as tablewares, have tended to reflect the styles and patterns developed by these potters, whose work has often shown striking originality.